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Predictive models in survival analysis
Hadwigerová, Michaela ; Vítek, Martin (referee) ; Škutková, Helena (advisor)
With ever-new methods of treatment in health care occures a requierement of comparing these new methods to the old methods in some effective way. This is particularly important for the further development of these methods. However, data that describe these facts could not be processed by normal procedures and therefore was in the field of statistics to create a new kind of methods. They are known as predictive models of survival analysis.
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Biofilm formation in probiotic cultures and its application in pharmacy
Ryšávka, Petr ; Obruča, Stanislav (referee) ; Vorlová, Lenka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
The work was comprehensively focused on the development of adhesive forms of probiotics in the form of a biofilm on combined carriers with a prebiotic component. The second part dealed with the influence of food on the multiplication and survival of selected types of probiotic bacteria. Subsequently, the effect of individualized probiotic supplements on changes in the human intestinal microbiome was monitored. Suitable adherent probiotic strains for biofilm formation were selected and tested. Methods have been introduced and different variants of carriers for culturing and binding bacteria have been tested. In vitro experiments verified the stability of biofilm stucture and its resistance to low pH, bile and antibiotics in comparison with the planktonic cell form. The antimicrobial effect of probiotic strains in the form of a biofilm was studied. The cultivation of the multispecies biofilm on the combined carrier was optimized and the stability of the biofilm and the final viability of probiotic bacteria were confirmed. Furthermore, the influence of various foods and beverages on the viability of probiotic bacteria was evaluated with emphasis on the simulation of passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Both models, solutions with standardised concentrations of alcohol, sugar, salts, proteins or different pH and different types of real foods and beverages were tested. The effect of food and beverages was tested on monocultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and on probiotic capsules containing a mixed culture of probiotic microorganisms. The survival of probiotics in various food matrices in the simulated gastrointestinal tract was quantitatively different. We managed to define foods suitable for supporting the multiplication of probiotic bacteria. A separate part of the work was focused on the targeted modulation of the intestinal microbiome by individualized probiotics that were prepared on the basis of molecular biological analyzes of the intestinal microbiome aimed at detecting the percentage of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Personalized probiotic supplementation confirmed the positive effect of this approach on microbiome changes, especially on the increase of the content of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and the overall diversity of the microbiome.
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Not So Close That Breck
Smrekovský, Adam ; Jančík, Alexandr (referee) ; Šrámek, Jan (advisor)
How to stop working, and start catching dogs, and live alone on a hill and walk down only when you need to catch a dog. But it also stops entertaining you and you start thinking about village life. And so you run away from the end of the world to the village.
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Vliv světla a sucha na fotosyntézu a vodní provoz podrostních bylin temperátních doubrav
Vitásek, Roman
Woody plants, especially trees, affects the site microclimate. With their physiological manifestations, they influence hydrological and light conditions and, consequently, the composition and abundance of species from the plant community. A dense tree layer lowers the air and even more the surface temperatures. Its mitigating effect is most pronounced on hot summer days. While transpiration lowers air temperature, trees compete with understory for water. While the shade lowers surface temperature of understory, plants, as autotrophic organisms, need enough light for their survival. Therefore, the question arises, which density of forest canopy is optimal for the survival of understory during the global change that brings along increased temperatures and elevated levels of drought. I investigated how understory herbs cope with drought under simulated sparse and dense forest canopy. The focal species, European wild ginger (Asarum europaeum L.) and liverwort (Hepatica nobilis Schreb.), were divided into four groups: two of them were fully watered and two of them droughted. Each of the water regimes were divided in two groups, simulating sparse or dense canopy of woody overstory. The physiological response of plants (such as the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, concentration of non-structural carbohydrates and water potential) on manipulated light and drought conditions was monitored under various levels of drought stress. The mortality was always higher under deep shade than under light conditions, despite different water management strategies of stomatal regulation. The European wild ginger has characteristics of an isohydric type of plant. During drought, it copes with the negative water potential by reducing stomatal conductivity, at the expense of the ability to actively fight water stress by creating assimilates. Under favorable conditions, this species stores starch that allow it to survive even with a significantly reduced rate of photosynthesis. The liverwort is more anisohydric in its behavior. With the increasing intensity of drought and increasing transpiration, it keeps the stomata open and by active photosynthesis it creates soluble carbohydrates for the production of osmotically active secondary metabolites. It has a very low level of stored starch, which can have a negative effect during prolonged drought. The results indicate that light plays an important role for plant survival under water stress. The changing climate brings along not only increased temperatures but often increased levels of summer drought. Therefore, growing in the understory of the dense forest does not always help the plant to survive warming climate.
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Design and Implementation of Survival Computer Game
Kováč, Ondrej ; Polášek, Tomáš (referee) ; Čadík, Martin (advisor)
Táto bakalárska práca sa zameriava na návrh a implementáciu postapokalyptickej survival počítačovej hry s RPG prvkami nazvanej "Beneath the Mushroom Clouds". Práca obsahuje krátky úvod do herného priemyslu a žánrov opisujúcich hru, všeobecný prehľad herných enginov a špecifické aspekty herného enginu Unity. Ďalej popisuje návrh a implementáciu niektorých individuálnych prvkov, ktoré tvoria danú hru. Implementácia týchto prvkov je popísaná konceptuálne s minimálnymi ukážkami kódu.
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Umělý výtěr karase obecného
VRBENSKÝ, Jakub
The thesis briefly summarizes the available information in the field of crucian carp biology. The experimental part includes, firstly, monitoring the effect of water temperature during the latency period in reproductive females affects the success of artificial spawning, the survival of eggs to the eyespot stage, the length of the latency interval in hours and in clock degrees, the relative fecundity of reproductive females and the pGSI. In the second part of the experiment, secondly, the effect of the method of unstickness eggs on the survival of eggs to the eyespot stage. To test the effect of temperature during the latency interval, the females (mean weight 329 +- 60 g) were divided into 7 groups (n = 5). The individual groups of reproductive females were placed in separate tanks with average water temperatures of 15.4, 17.2, 18.9, 21, 23.2, 25.2 and 27.2 °C. Females and males were injected with the hormone Ovopel (1 pellet per 1 kg of fish). Before injection and artificial spawning, the reproductive fish were anaesthetized with clove oil (0.03 ml.l-1). The each group of females were artificially spawned, the eggs were seeded with a mixture of sperm from three males, activated with hatchery water and unsticked with cow's milk diluted with water (1:9). Incubation of eggs was carried out in small experimental Zug bottles (0.45 l) at an average temperature of 21 °C. The highest number of ovulated and artificially spawned females was found at temperatures of 21 - 25 °C (80 %). At lower and higher temperatures the success of spawning was lower. A close positive linear dependence of the latency interval length (in hours) on water temperature was found in the monitored range of 15.5 - 27.2 °C (y =-1.5062 x + 50.663; R2 = 0.924). The length of the latency interval at 21 and 23 °C was 18,4 +- 0,9 and 12,4 +- 0,2 h, respectively 387 +- 18 and 289 +- 5 h°. The eggs have a yellow-brown to green-brown colouration, the average weight of one unswollen eggs is 1,10 +- 0,07 mg (corresponding to 911 +- 51 thousand eggs in 1 kg of eggs). In contact with water, the eggs are very sticky. The highest relative working fecundity was achieved at 21 and 23 °C (71,9 +- 10 and 75,9 +- 34 thousand eggs per 1 kg of female). The average survival rate of eggs to the eyespot, originating from artificially spawned females kept during the latency interval at temperatures between 18,9 - 23,2 °C, ranged from 92.9 +- 0.5 to 99.6 +- 2.2 %, and was lower at 17.2 and 27.2 °C (86.2 +- 0.6 respectively 74.2 +- 3 %), differences between groups were statistically significant. In evaluating the effect of unsticking preparations on the survival of eggs to the eyespots, the highest survival was achieved with milk (71.9 +- 7.3 %). Statistically conclusively lower survival was found with tannin (47.4 +- 0.4 %) and acetylcysteine (48.4 +- 8.6 %). The achieved results can be used in artificial spawning of crucian carp as part of rescue breeding.
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Zhodnocení přežívání a růstu dvou invazivních raků v teplotně suboptimálních podmínkách
MARKOVÁ, Kateřina
Biological invasions of non-native species are one of the most serious threats negatively impairing global biodiversity. The negative influence of these invasions is especially noticeable in freshwater ecosystems also exemplified by the populations of native crayfish species in Europe. Dominance of non-native species of crayfish over native ones is relatively well known and studied, but the interactions between individual non-native invasive species are significantly less explored. As the range expansion and numbers of non-native crayfish species constantly increases, it becomes apparent that the non-native species will dominate in European waters. However, it is not clear which of these invasive species, and under which conditions will perform better. The goal of this bachelor thesis was to create a literature review focusing on factors that negatively influence the population of the native species (mainly the issue of non-native species and crayfish plague which these species often transmit). Consideration was paid to the importance of the water temperature for the crayfish and to the focused species used in the experimental part the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017 and signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana, 1852. The experiment was focused on the evaluation of survival, growth, damage to the claws, and the maturation of these species at the water temperature of ~16 °C, which is in the optimal range for signal crayfish, but suboptimal for marbled crayfish (yet, within a range presumably allowing its successful reproduction). If these species should meet more frequently in the wild, it is important to understand their relationships.
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Morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations of island-dwelling birds
Krpcová, Alena ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Mikula, Ondřej (referee)
Morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations of island-dwelling birds Alena Krpcová prof. Tomáš Albrecht, Ph.D. Abstract Islands represent a model system of evolutionary biology. They are isolated environments in which specific ecological conditions often operate differently than on the mainland. In this context, island taxa develop unique morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations, collectively referred to as island syndromes, through convergent evolution. This thesis aims to provide an overview of selected island syndromes that have been detected in a large group of vertebrates typically inhabiting islands, the birds (Aves). Attention is paid to body size, wing length and associated flightlessness, as well as changes in life strategies (life span, offspring care, clutch size and egg size), antipredatory behaviour and island tameness, and finally the relationship between the above-mentioned island syndromes and the extinction of island species caused by humans and the invasive organisms that accompany them. Factors operating in island environments that may influence the evolution of selected island syndromes are discussed, and it is suggested that reduced predation pressure on islands and an energetic trade-offs between investments in survival, defence and reproduction could be...
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